The ampersand character is commonly used in URL query strings (particularly when working
with server-side languages), and in such cases, the & must be replaced by the entity
name or number (it will still be correctly interpreted by the browser).
Character Description Entity name Entity number
" Quotation mark (straight) " "
& Ampersand & &
< Less-than sign < <
> Greater-than sign > >
Punctuation characters and symbols
Although many web designers tend to get around punctuation character limitations by
using double hyphens (--) in place of em dashes (??”), triple periods (. . .) in place of an
ellipsis (...), and straight quotation marks ("") instead of ???smart??? quotes (??????), XHTML supports
many punctuation characters as character entities. Likewise, plenty of symbols are
supported in XHTML, so you needn??™t write (c) when the copyright symbol is available.
This section lists all such characters and is split into four subsections: quotation marks,
spacing and nonprinting characters, punctuation characters, and symbols.
Quotation marks
Character Description Entity name Entity number
??? Left single ‘ ‘
??™ Right single ’ ’
??? Left double “ “
??? Right double ” ”
??? Single left angle ‹ ‹
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Character Description Entity name Entity number
??? Single right angle › ›
?« Double left angle « «
?» Double right angle » »
??? Single low-9 ‚ ‚
??? Double low-9 „ „
Spacing and nonprinting characters
Character Description Entity name Entity number
Em space
En space
Nonprinting Left-to-right mark
Nonbreaking space
Overline ‾ ‾
Nonprinting Right-to-left mark
Thin space
Nonprinting Zero-width joiner
Nonprinting Zero-width nonjoiner
On Windows, zero-width joiner and zero-width nonjoiner may be displayed by default
as a vertical bar with an x on top and a vertical bar, respectively.
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