Figure 8. Tight and loose coupling approaches to data integration (Robbins,
1996)
Figure 9. Shared global data model defined using the e-tourism ontology
1. single organizational entity overseeing information
resources
2. adoption of common DBMSs at participating sites
3. shared data model across participating sites
4. common semantics for data publishing
5. common syntax for data publishing
Loose Coupling
Tightly Coupled
Shared Global Data Model
Dynam c
Package
Reserva
t on
Accommod
at on Act v ty
Hotel
Bed&Brea
kfast
Fl ght
Shopp ng
Sport F sh ng
...
5
Ontology
Cardoso
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of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
Shared Common Vocabulary
A shared global data model is not useful for data integration unless the sources
being integrated share common vocabulary elements representing some shared
conceptual model. Depending on the approach, different data models can be used
to add semantics to terms??”such as controlled vocabularies, taxonomies, thesaurus,
and ontologies??”and different degrees of semantics can be achieved.
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